1. Gordon de la Mothe, Reconstructing The Black Image (London: Trentham Books, 1993), 71.
2. Peggy Bristow, ed., We're Rooted Here and They Can't Pull Us Up: Essays in African Canadian Woman's History (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994), 8.
3. Colin A. Thomson, Blacks in Deep Snow: Black Pioneers in Canada (Don Mills: J. M. Dent & Sons, 1979), 95.
4. This is an experience common to indigenous Canadians, which I myself have experienced on several occasions. Interest enough other Black peoples, such as second -generation Canadian Africans and South Americans are now telling tales of the same experiences.
5. Robin W. Winks, The Blacks in Canada: A History. New Haven, London: Yale University Press, 1971, ix.
6. Bristow, ed. We're Rooted Here, 3.
7. Ibid.
8. For example in his discussion of the religious life of Black folk, de la Mothe states, "Where it takes the form of Christian belief, it is sometimes depicted as exotic in its black expression and adaption of the faith, embodying the African tradition of music and dance in the celebration of its practice" He also states, "This attitude fostered by the established churches, which have used the principles of portraying Black people as exotic or primitive in their missionary work in Africa and other parts of the world." in Gordon de la Mothe, Reconstructing The Black Image, (London: Trentham Books, 1993), 71; 73. .
9. The experience of Blacks in Canada has often type cast with that of their American counterparts. This paper deals with the Canadian reality and as such understands Candian Blacks as unique and distinct.
10. Daniel G. Hill, The Freedom-Seekers: Blacks in Early Canada. (Agincourt: The Book Society of Canada Limited, 1981), 3.
11. Ibid.
12. Alexander, Ken and Avis Glaze, Towards Freedom: The African-Canadian Experience (Toronto: Umbrella Press, 1996), 37.
13. Hill, The Freedom-Seekers, 3.
14. Ibid.
15. Carole Pigler Christensen and Morton Weinfeld. "The Black Family in Canada: A Preliminary Exploration of Family Patterns and Inequality," Canadian Ethnic Studies XXV, No. 3 (1993): 30.
16. Winks, The Blacks In Canada, 7.
17. Alexander and Glaze, Towards Freedom. 37.
18. Winks, The Blacks In Canada, 7.
19. Winks, The Blacks In Canada, 12.
20. Ibid.
21. As opposed to British slave-holders who gave their slaves classical names such as 'Othello' or chose names at random.
22. Winks, The Blacks In Canada, 13-15.
23. Ibid., 17.
24. Alexander and Glaze, Towards Freedom. 41.
25. Hill The Freedom-Seekers, 6.
26. Colin A. Thomson, Blacks Deep In Snow, 18.
27. Hill The Freedom-Seekers, 9.
28. Wallace Brown and Hereward Senior, Victorious in Defeat: The Loyalists In Canada (Toronto, New York, London, Sydney, Auckland: Methuen Publications, 1984.), 5-8.
29. Ibid., 10
30. Ibid., 14.
31. Ibid., 15.
32. Hill The Freedom-Seekers, 9.
33. Ibid., 9-10.
34. Brown and Senior, Victorious in Defeat, 173.
35. Hill The Freedom-Seekers, p10.
36. Frank Stanley Boyd, Jr., "Introduction" in Peter Evander McKerrow, A Brief History Of the Coloured Baptists Of Nova Scotia, 1785-1895. Halifax: Nova Scotia Department of Education, 1976, xiv.
37. Laird Niven, Birchtown Archaelogical Survey (1993). (Lockerport, Nova Scotia: Roseway Publishing Company, 1994, 2.
38. Brown and Senior, Victorious in Defeat, 175.
39. Brown and Senior, Victorious in Defeat, 175.
40. Ibid., 175.
41. Ibid., p176-177.   
42. Winks, The Blacks In Canada, 39.
43. Brown and Senior, Victorious in Defeat, 178-179
44. Donald Wetmore and Lester B. Sellick, eds. Loyalist in Nova Scotia. (Hantsport: Lancelot Press), 1983,
45. Brown and Senior, Victorious in Defeat, 179.
46. Wetmore, Loyalist in Nova Scotia,. 75.
47. Ellen Gibson Wilson, The Loyal Blacks, (New York: Capricorn Books, 1976), 120.
48. Blind Moses Wilkinson and Boston King were two of the significant Black preacher/pastors.
49. Wilson, The Loyal Blacks, 18.
50. McCormick, Ronald K., Faith Freedom and Democracy: The Baptists in Atlantic Canada. (Tantallon: Four East Publications), 1993, 13-14.
51. Bell, D.G., Henry Alline and Maritime Religion. Historical Booklet no.51, (Ottawa: The Canadian Historical Association), 1993, 14.
52. Ibid., 15.
53. Wilson, The Loyal Blacks, 126.
54. Brown and Senior, Victorious in Defeat, 179.
55. Wilson, The Loyal Blacks, 130.
56. Grant Gordon, From Slavery To Freedom: The Life of David George, Pioneer Black Baptist Minister. (Hantsport: Lancelot Press), 1992, xiii-xv.
57. Ibid., 7-30.
58. Ibid., p. 50.
59. Terence Murphy and Roberto Perlin, A Concise History of Christianity in Canada. (Toronto, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), p. 116.
60. Grant Gordon, From Slavery To Freedom, p163.
61. Peter Evander Mckerrow, A Brief History Of the Coloured Baptists Of Nova Scotia, 1785-1895. (Halifax: Nova Scotia Department of Education, 1976), p.4.
62. Ibid., p.5.
63. Brown and Senior, Victorious in Defeat, p180.
64. For instance, with regards to the "Black poor," Mavis S. Campbell argues that "the British wanted to get rid of them by any means necessary." Mavis S. Campbell, Back to Africa: George Ross and the Maroons From Nova Scotia to Sierra Leone. (Trenton: Africa World Press, Inc), 1993, iv.
65. Wilson, Ellen Gibson, The Loyal Blacks. (New York: Capricorn Books), 1976, ix.
66. Wilson, iv.
67. Tulloch, Headley. Black Canadians: A Long Line of Fighters. (Toronto: NC Press Ltd.), 1975, 83.
68. Bridglal Pachai, Beneath the Clouds of the Promised Land: The Survival of Nova Scotia's Blacks Volume II: 1800-1989. (Hantsport: Lancelot Press, The Black Educators Association of Nova Scotia, 1990),15.
69. Winks, The Blacks in Canada:, 71.
70. Pachai, Beneath the Clouds. 20.
71. Alexander and Glaze, Towards Freedom. 50.
72. Grant Gordon, From Slavery To Freedom, pp164- 165.
73. Hill, The Freedom-Seekers, 15.
74. Alexander, and Glaze, Towards Freedom, pp.52-53.
75. Hill, The Freedom-Seekers, p. 18.
76. Ibid., p.48.
77. Hill, The Freedom-Seekers, p. 48.
78. Ibid., p. 52.
79. Ibid., p.32.
80. Dorothy Shadd Shreve, The African Canadian Church: A Stabilizer. (Jordan Station, Ontario: Paideia Press 1983), pp.26-27.
81. Ibid., pp. 27-29.
82. Terrence Murphy and Roberto Perlin, A Concise History of Christianity in Canada, (Toronto, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), p. 137.
83. Ibid., p. 137.
84. Ibid., p.180.
85. Shreve, The African Canadian Church, pp.36-37.
86. Hill, The Freedom-Seekers, p.130.
87. Shreve, The African Canadian Church, p. 42.
88. Ibid.
89. Ibid., pp. 42- 43.
90. Ibid., p. 41.
91. Hill, The Freedom-Seekers, p.127.
92. Murphy and Perlin, A Concise History, p. 149.
93. Shreve, The African Canadian Church, p. 42.
94. Hill, The Freedom-Seekers, p. 130.
95. The disappointing result of Wilberforce is an excellent example of the philanthropic-capitalistic vision gone sour. See Shreve, The African Canadian Church, pp.32-34.
96. Murphy and Perlin, A Concise History, p. 149.
97. Ibid., p. 180.
98. Winks, The Blacks In Canada, p. 341.
99. Shreve, The African Canadian Church, p. 38.
100. Dr. Eugene M. Thompson, Chr., et al, "The Status of Transcongregational Polity." Canadian Baptist History and Polity:The McMaster Conference. Murray J. S. Ford, ed., Hamilton: McMaster University Divinity College, (1982): 93-98.
101. Shreve, The African Canadian Church, p. 99.
102. Ibid, p. 47.
103. Hill, The Freedom-Seekers, p. 140.
104. Shreve The African Canadian Church, pp.47-48.
105. Ibid., p. 66.
106. These religions blend Yoruban pantheism with New World Roman Catholicism. Although there are only a small number of these religions, they have lots of influence on the customs and folk lore of the places they are found. Frances Henry, The Caribbean Diaspora in Toronto: Learning to Live with Racism. (Toronto; Buffalo; London: University of Toronto Press, 1994), p. 149.
107. Ibid.
108. Carole Pigler Christensen and Morton Weinfeld. "The Black Family in Canada: A Preliminary Exploration of Family Patterns and Inequality." Canadian Ethnic Studies